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26-Alberto is learning to kick. Seeing a soccer ball on the…
26-Alberto is learning to kick. Seeing a soccer ball on the playground, he walks up to it and kicks it with a straight leg. The rest of his body does not seem to take part in the kick. Alberto appears to be in the __________ stage of learning to kick a ball.
Group of answer choices
first
second
third
fourth
27-Toddlers ages 1 to 2 tend to sleep about _______ hours a day with one nap.
Group of answer choices
8 to 10
10-12
12-14
14 or more
28-Selective attention involves _______.
Group of answer choices
the ability to stay focused on a particular task
the ability to set goals and plan actions
the ability to monitor goals
the ability to focus on relevant stimuli
29-Maeko’s mother is impressed with how fast her daughter seems to be growing up. Maeko is drawing a castle, and she sticks with the task much longer than she would have a year ago. Maeko is demonstrating __________.
Group of answer choices
executive attention
sustained attention
theory of mind
selective attention
30-__________ is an understanding that basic properties of substances, such as number, mass, and volume, remain the same after a transformation changes their appearance but not the amount of the substance.
Group of answer choices
Centration
Symbolic representation
Focused attention
Conservation
31-An overregularization error occurs when children _______.
Group of answer choices
put two words together to make a simple sentence
have not mastered forming plurals
when they mispronounce words
apply the past-tense rule incorrectly
33-Vygotsky viewed __________ play as one of the primary contributors to the development of executive functioning.
Group of answer choices
parallel
cooperative pretend
solitary
sociodramatic
34-Across cultures, boys tend to prefer __________, and girls tend to prefer __________.
Group of answer choices
social activities / activities involving large muscle groups
large muscle activities / activities involving a social element and fine motor control
social activities / fine motor activities
activities requiring fine motor control / independent activities
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35-Prosocial behavior is defined as _______.
Group of answer choices
voluntary actions to help another person
feelings of concern or sorrow for another person
the ability to feel the emotions of another person
treating others fairly
36-Kim is very warm and responsive to her daughter, but she also shows a high degree of control. Kim uses __________ parenting.
Group of answer choices
permissive
authoritative
uninvolved
authoritarian
37-Yanis, a fourth-grader, does not sleep well and wakes up often during the night. Applying the results of the study by Sadeh and colleagues (2002), we can expect that Yanis will show __________.
Group of answer choices
enhanced performance on measures of visual-motor coordination
less sustained attention and more behavior problems
fewer emotional problems
better academic achievement
38-Compared to her friends, Alisa sleeps much less and is more likely to be __________.
Group of answer choices
overweight in five years
unpopular in school
obese for the rest of her life
diagnosed with myopia
39-Kali, age 8, is one of the fastest runners among the boys and girls on the playground, and probably is the fastest in her third-grade class. Running speed, jumping, and agility performance through age 10 __________.
Group of answer choices
are about the same for girls and boys
are faster and more developed for girls than boys
are faster and more developed for boys than girls
remain the same for both girls and boys into high school
40-Jie’s father and mother were born in China and immigrated to the United States when Jie was a baby. Now in fifth grade, she is already as tall as her mother, and she will likely grow taller as she moves into adolescence. The difference in height between generations is known as __________.
Group of answer choices
a generational growth spurt
the secular trend in physical growth
the generation gap
an environmental benefit
41-Renee knows that to focus on solving her math problem, she needs to filter out the background noise in the classroom, such as her friends talking to each other. Renee is using __________ attention.
Group of answer choices
selective
sustained
operational
executive
42-Dramatic growth in receptive vocabulary in middle childhood is substantially due to __________.
Group of answer choices
learning entirely new words at an astonishing pace
learning alternate meanings of base words based on adding prefixes or suffixes
teaching of new vocabulary words by parents
dramatic growth in grammatical knowledge
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43-__________ is a general delay in cognitive development.
Group of answer choices
Intellectual disability
Adaptive behavior deficit
Enrichment
Giftedness
44-For Piaget, __________, included comparing the length of sticks and putting them in order of length.
Group of answer choices
metacognition
class inclusion
seriation
transitive inference
45-Rachel, a girl, and Victor, a boy, are in the same fourth-grade class. If they are like most girls and boys in middle childhood, the tendency will be for __________.
Group of answer choices
Rachel to have a higher sense of self-esteem than Victor
Rachel to see herself as more athletically competent than Victor
the level of self-esteem to be the same in both Rachel and Victor
Victor to have a higher sense of self-esteem than Rachel
46-Coleman thought he was really good at math. His parents always said so, and so did his kindergarten teacher. But now that he was in first grade, Coleman, using __________, noticed that other first-graders were moving further along the math achievement chart than he was.
Group of answer choices
self-esteem
social comparison
a fixed mindset
emotional display rules
47-Ella knows that if she works hard at something, she can do it, no matter how difficult it is. Ella has an incremental view of ability, or a __________.
Group of answer choices
fixed mindset
feeling of learned helplessness
growth mindset
feeling of learned inability
48-One way parents may inadvertently foster a fixed mindset is by focusing praise on __________ rather than on __________.
Group of answer choices
future possibilities / the past
the past / future possibilities
the person / working hard and coming up with specific problem-solving strategies
working hard and coming up with specific problem-solving strategies / the person
49-The sleep-wake shift involves __________.
Group of answer choices
many adolescents switching to sleeping during the day rather than the night
increased sleepiness both during the day and at night among many adolescents
decreased sleepiness both during the day and at night among many adolescents
increased sleepiness during the day and decreased sleepiness at night among many adolescents
50-For adolescents, __________ is an environmental factor that appears to worsen the sleep-wake shift.
Group of answer choices
starting school later in middle and high school than in elementary school
using melatonin supplements
staring at lighted electronic devices late at night
parents telling them when to go to bed
51-In studies that collected self-ratings by adolescents of impulse control and the tendency to take risks, impulse control did not approach adult levels until ages __________.
Group of answer choices
10 to 12
12 to 14
15 to 17
18 to 22
52-Kym eats large amounts of food in a short period of time but does not try to purge the food. As a result, Kym is obese. She appears to have __________.
Group of answer choices
binge-eating disorder
bulimia nervosa
malnutrition
anorexia nervosa
53-Riva has just started to drink alcohol. One reason Riva engages in drinking despite knowing the risks of alcohol use is that she __________.
Group of answer choices
is insensitive to the potential rewards of drinking
always bases her actions on what her friends think is cool
tends to perceive more of the benefits of risky behavior than the risks
overestimates the risks and underestimates the benefits of drinking
54-__________ is Piaget’s fourth stage of thinking and is characterized by thinking about abstract, hypothetical, and scientific problems.
Group of answer choices
Concrete operational thinking
Formal operational thinking
Metacognitive understanding
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
55-Henri identifies with Holland’s conventional personality type, which means he likely __________.
Group of answer choices
takes pleasure in working with nature, animals, tools, and machines
finds value and success in accuracy and time management
enjoys independent, creative, and expressive activities
is customer-service oriented
56-Stacy, a recent female college graduate, is more likely than a male who graduated at the same time to be employed in __________.
Group of answer choices
law or politics
jobs that work with objects
the service sector or helping professions
engineering
57-Isaac is known as a member of the “brains” in his school, not the “jocks.” These are examples of __________.
Group of answer choices
cliques
deviancy training groups
close friendships
crowds
58-In the __________ attachment style, adolescents tend to idealize the attachment figure or devalue their relationship.
Group of answer choices
insecure-preoccupied
insecure-dismissing
secure
insecure-ambivalent
59-Based on longitudinal data, self-esteem __________ in late adolescence and remains at this level in early adulthood.
Group of answer choices
declines
rises
stays the same
first rises, then sharply declines
60-Research shows that adolescents who have a(n) __________ attachment style are more socially competent with both peers and adults outside the family.
Group of answer choices
insecure-dismissing
secure
insecure-preoccupied
insecure-ambivalent
1-Ethical guidelines for research involving children include ____________.
Group of answer choices
always avoiding the use of deception
using the least stressful procedures possible
obtaining the parent’s consent, but not the child’s
not allowing children to participate in research
2-Development refers to patterns of growth and change in __________, __________, or emotions over time.
Group of answer choices
nature / nurture
behavior / thinking
attachment / security
maturation / biology
3-Which of the following statements is true about deception and harm in research with children?
Group of answer choices
Deception is not acceptable, as it may cause harm.
Deception is acceptable and it may, under some circumstances, cause harm.
Any deception used must be explained to parents and children in advance.
Deception is acceptable if necessary, but it must not cause harm.
4-An example of development would be ___________.
Group of answer choices
lack of cooperation with parents for a week
ignoring teachers for a full hour after preschool starts
having a bad temper for a week
improved control over emotions over time
5-Twila and Jerome are actors. They enroll their daughter Marla in children’s theater. This is an example of a(n) __________ genetic-environment correlation.
Group of answer choices
active
passive
evocative
epigenetic
