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41. Experts are better than novices when decision making in all of…
41. Experts are better than novices when decision making in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A. avoiding preference reversals
B. using intuitions
C. inhibiting intuition
D. judging the validity of decisions
42. John receives the annual review of his job performance. Although his boss rated him above average on 11 of the 12 performance categories, his boss rated him below average on 1 category, “showing initiative.” He is disappointed that his boss thinks he doesn’t show initiative and after several weeks he is still upset, angry, and wonders if he should begin looking for a new job. John is demonstrating which of the following?
A. Base Rate Fallacy
B. Confirmation Bias
C. Hindsight Bias
D. Negativity Dominance
43. If we think a baseball player is handsome and athletic, we are likely to rate him as better at throwing the ball even if we have no knowledge of his ball-throwing ability. This cognitive bias is known as which of the following?
A. Allais’s Paradox
B. Gambler’s Fallacy
C. Halo Effect
D. Maximizing Effect
44. According to Rossiter (2018), prospect theory is flawed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A. it relies on “unjustly high” math ability
B. it fails to measure information processing
C. It is unoriginal
D. it emphasizes expected utility
45. Jim’s doctor would like him to give up or cut back on drinking alcohol. His last tests indicated a slight decrease in kidney functioning, although nothing alarming. Research indicates that regular heavy drinking doubles the risk of chronic kidney disease. Jim is 52 and drinks an average of 8 drinks (scotch or bourbon) per week, doesn’t smoke, exercises regularly, and has no family history of kidney disease. He dismisses his doctor’s advice and has no intention of cutting back on his drinking. After all, he reasons, his grandfather smoked, never exercised, and drank a pint of Jack Daniel’s every day of his adult life and lived to be 98. This is an example of which cognitive heuristic?
A. Affect Heuristic
B. Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
C. Availability Heuristic
D. Health Heuristic
46. People tend to react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented. For example, people tend to avoid risk when a choice is presented in a positive manner, but seek risks when the same choice is presented in a negative manner. This cognitive bias is known as a(n):
A. Certainty Effect
B. Endowment Effect
C. Framing Effect
D. Halo Effect
47. Terrance is assigned a five to eight page paper for his cognitive psychology class. He has written many papers of this length before, and estimates that it will take him no more than 3 days to complete the assignment. The paper is due on Friday, so he begins writing it on Tuesday. However, the paper actually takes him 6 days to annotate and he is forced to ask for an extension. What cognitive error has Terrance committed?
A. Illusion of Understanding
B. Planning Fallacy
C. Sunk Cost Fallacy
D. Virtuous Ignorance
48. A study found that the majority of college students believed that their chances of developing a drinking problem or getting divorced were lower than that of other students. At the same time, the majority of these students also believed that their chances of positive outcomes like owning their own home and living into old age were much higher than their peers. This cognitive error is known as:
A. Confirmation Bias
B. Optimism Bias
C. Planning Fallacy
D. Sunk Cost Fallacy
49. The availability heuristic is more likely to influence thinking when the event being recalled is all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Abstract
B. Familiar
C. Salient
D. Vivid
50. fMRI studies indicate that experts are more likely to use areas of the brain associated with perception and memory to solve simple problems, whereas novices are more likely to use which areas of the brain?
A. Frontal areas
B. Occipital areas
C. Posterior areas
D. Stem areas
