Question 1 What is the contingency that maintains obsessive...

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Question 1 What is the contingency that maintains obsessive…

Question 1

What is the contingency that maintains obsessive behaviors, in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Question 1 options:

positive punishment

positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

negative punishment

Question 2

Demet has two jobs. Both pay her about the same amount once every two weeks, but Demet usually spends all of her time doing work for one of the jobs, and lets the other one slide. What is a possible explanation for this?

Question 2 options:

There is no explanation

Bias

Both bias and matching can explain this

Matching

Question 3

I want my child to pick up their room, so I describe the specific things I want done (e.g. put your dirty clothes in the laundry hamper). I am providing my child with a(n):

Question 3 options:

rule

instruction

association

contingency

Question 4

Most of our lives, we have choices between many different contingencies that are active at the same time, and have their own discriminative stimuli (SD or S+). In other words, we constantly choose among:

Question 4 options:

chained schedules of reinforcement

classical schedules of reinforcement

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

models

Question 5

I walk into a waiting room where you are sitting, and go over to a coffee machine you had not noticed and get a cup of coffee. You then go and get a cup of coffee also. This is an example of:

Question 5 options:

contagious behavior

a fixed action pattern

stimulus control

stimulus enhancement

Question 6

In an experiment with college students, 2 confederates of the experimenter delivered praise to participants as they spoke on an assigned topic. They delivered their praise at different rates. The participants:

Question 6 options:

directed responses to each confederate in about the same proportions that they delivered praise to the participants

behaved in ways that disrupted the Matching Law

talked to everyone randomly; some participants talked more to one confederate, some talked more to the other

talked to both confederates equally

Question 7

According to Stampfl, a critical factor in the maintenance of human phobias that animals do not possess is:

Question 7 options:

our giant brains

resurgence

stress hormones

the ability to plan ahead to avoid the aversive stimulus

Question 8

At the beginning of this semester, it is possible that many of you put off the work you needed to do for your grades at the end of the semester, in favor of activities that were more fun. Now that the semester is almost over, most of you are probably much more focused on the work you need to do to be successful in your courses. This behavior is predicted by the:

Question 8 options:

Rescorla-Wagner Model

Ainslie-Rachlin Model

Stimulus Substitution Theory

Matching Law

Question 9

Why does a person sometimes observe a behavior, but fail to copy it?

Question 9 options:

this only happens if the person is not paying attention

this will happen every time the person does not think the model resembles them

the person may not have the skills necessary to copy the behavior

this only happens if the person sees the model getting punished for performing the behavior

Question 10

In my lecture about observational learning, I often point out that representation is important. Representation means seeing models that are like ourselves demonstrating behaviors that we might emulate, and getting rewarded for them. From what you know about observational learning, why do you think this is important?

Question 10 options:

In Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment, some children were more likely to copy models that were like themselves

Modeled behavior that is rewarded is not as likely to be copied

The more attractive a model, the less likely it is that we will pay attention to them

All of the other answers are correct

Question 11

Although Charles was only bitten once by a dog many years ago, he has a phobia and persistently avoids dogs whenever possible. Charles’ fear of dogs doesn’t extinguish because his anxiety goes away when he avoids dogs. In other words:

Question 11 options:

he is negatively punished for avoiding dogs

he is positively punished for avoiding dogs

he is negatively reinforced for avoiding dogs

he is positively reinforced for avoiding dogs

Question 12

Other animals:

Question 12 options:

learn from observation only when they are infants

none of the other answers are correct

do not learn from observation

can learn adaptive behaviors through observation

Question 13

An experimenter put a pigeon in a box, with two keys. The pigeon could peck the green key to obtain reinforcement on an FI 60-second schedule. It could peck the red key to receive reinforcement on an FI 120-second schedule. The pigeon directed more behaviors toward the FI 120-second schedule than predicted by the Matching Law. To correct this, the experimenter might:

Question 13 options:

introduce a changeover delay of a few seconds

remove obstacles to switching between keys

there is no way to correct this problem

check for bias in the pigeon

Question 14

Julie knows that she needs to start exercising regularly to stay healthy in the long term. Which of the following probably will NOT help her to meet her exercise goals.

Question 14 options:

Telling friends she is going to exercise without any specifics like when, where or how

Allowing herself to skip her exercise one day a week if she exercises 6 days

Rewarding herself when she does exercise.

Setting short-term goals for each day, week, and month

Question 15

In Mischel’s marshmallow study, the children who were most successful at making self-control choices:

Question 15 options:

Did not like marshmallows

Became violent when they were not allowed to eat a marshmallow

Pretended the marshmallow was something else or ignored it

Ate the first marshmallow immediately

Question 16

According to two-process theory, the first step in the development of an avoidance response is creation of a(n)

Question 16 options:

classical conditioning of a fear response.

negative punishment resulting from the reduction of fear.

operant conditioning of an avoidance response.

classical conditioning of an approach response.

Question 17

Bandura’s experiment on observational learning did NOT include which of the following findings?

Question 17 options:

girls were more likely to learn to be verbally aggressive from a female model

a group of children that saw aggression toward a doll modeled by an adult showed more aggressive behaviors than a group that saw an adult model ignore the doll

only boys learned to be aggressive by watching a model

boys were more likely to learn to be aggressive if they watched a male model

Question 18

Video game violence

Question 18 options:

makes children behave more aggressively

has not been systematically studied by psychologists

makes children more aggressive, but only verbally

has little effect on children’s aggressive thoughts and behaviors

Question 19

If a pigeon is presented with two concurrent interval schedules of reinforcement, one signaled by a red light, and one signaled by a green light, and one provides reinforcement at twice the rate of the other, the pigeon will:

Question 19 options:

respond randomly to each schedule

respond twice as much on the schedule that provides twice the rate of reinforcement

only respond to the red light because pigeons are known to prefer red over green

respond on both schedules equally

Question 20

Punishment has the strongest effect on behavior when it is

Question 20 options:

delivered on a VI schedule

delivered on a continuous schedule

delivered non-contingently

delivered to some, but not others

Question 21

When we are young, we see people with happy expressions (NS), and good things happen (US). This happens many times in our lives, until happy expressions become a CS, making us feel happy (CR). In adulthood, if we see a happy face in a new situation, it can make us feel good about the new situation. Eventually the new situation alone will make us happy. This is an example of:

Question 21 options:

observational learning

classical conditioning

higher-order conditioning

all of the other answers are correct

Question 22

Display rules:

Question 22 options:

are the way we learn to feel all emotions, since we are born without them

are cultural guidelines for when, how, and where to express emotion

are genetic; everyone in our species uses the same rules

explain how we should put on shows like theater and dance

Question 23

In Mischel’s Marshmallow Experiment, the children of the participants who made self-control choices in the first study were also likely to make self-control choices. Why do you think this happened?

Question 23 options:

Neither learning nor genetics.

Genetics: Self-control has a biological component that can be inherited.

Learning: Parents with self-control can teach their children self-control.

Both learning and genetics.

Question 24

When kids learn to swear, most of them learn not to do it in church. How do they learn this?

Question 24 options:

they are probably physically punished every time they do it

the adults around them probably swear in church, but not at other times

the adults around them probably do not swear in church, but do at other times

they just know that church is a place to avoid swearing automatically

Question 25

Eliana is taking a class that makes her very frustrated. She and her classmates say that they can’t get good grades, and no matter what they study, or how they study, they can’t seem to answer questions in a way that satisfies their instructor. They’ve tried getting tutors, asking questions during class and office hours, but their efforts don’t match up with their grades. They feel like they’ve tried everything, and are getting nowhere. This situation is very like ________________.

Question 25 options:

shaping

experimental neurosis contingencies

a continuous reinforcement schedule

learned helplessness contingencies

Question 1 What is the contingency that maintains obsessive…

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