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All of the following are properties of human languages EXCEPT:…
All of the following are properties of human languages EXCEPT:
Question 14 options:
Situated
Stylistic
Combinatoric
Referential
Which of the following processes of language production involves translating a conceptual representation into a linguistic form?
Question 15 options:
Rationalization
Formulation
Summation
Conceptualization
Subtraction
Chapter 10 pointed out that people who are working on a writing assignment are operating on a “full-time cognitive overload.” This phrase suggests that:
Question 16 options:
people need to write down phrases as soon as they are created, to reduce this overload problem
decision making is a central component of writing, so that writers can reject ideas that are not productive
it’s important to transfer ideas from working memory to long-term memory, prior to writing them down
writers typically use all the components of working memory, as well as long-term memory
Saying “incycled reformation” when you meant to say “recycled information” is an example of a:
Question 17 options:
morpheme error
sound error
word error
right brain lesion
The exemplar approach to semantic memory is especially relevant:
when you want to emphasize how various concepts are related to each other
when all of the items are low-frequency nouns
when a category has a relatively small number of members
when the categories are very fluid and not very clearly defined
Chapter 10 described a study in which participants listened to definitions of concrete nouns, and they were asked to produce the correct noun. The participants were more likely to say the correct noun if:
their hand movements were unrestricted
they were told to pronounce the noun as slowly as possible
they were told to pronounce the noun as quickly as possible
their hand movements were restricted
A key point in Noam Chomsky’s approach to psycholinguistics is an emphasis on:
Question 20 options:
how each language in the world has its own unique set of rules about syntax
how children learn language by operant conditioning
how language is closely connected with other cognitive skills
how humans have language skills that are inborn
Suppose that you hear that Dr. Angela Smith is a clinical psychologist who uses schema therapy. You would expect that she is likely to work with clients by
asking them to listen to a series of words, each time supplying a word that is consistent with a schema.
figuring out some helpful new schemas that can replace harmful schemas that they had learned in the past.
encouraging them to classify a series of ambiguous images.
trying to classify each person’s psychological disorder according to a carefully developed set of schemas.
Adults tend to read tongue twisters more slowly than other sentences of the same length and complexity. This observation:
Question 22 options:
supports the indirect-access route approach reading.
supports the constructive approach to language.
illustrates the importance of word boundaries in a reading task.
illustrates the importance of context in determining the meaning of a word.
Suppose that a psychology professor begins a lecture by saying, “OK, do you all remember the concept of ‘ecological validity’?” The students all nod their heads. During this interaction, the professor was primarily interested in:
establishing common ground.
formulating an indirect request.
avoiding a syntactic error.
solving the linearization problem.
Research by Novick examined whether the meaning of airplane changed for U.S. students around the time of the 2001 terrorist attacks. According to this research:
for experts, the meaning of airplane changed significantly; for novices, the meaning remained stable
shortly after the attacks, airplane shifted from being a prototype to becoming an exemplar
airplane became a more prototypical example of a vehicle shortly after the attacks, but it was judged less prototypical about 4 months later
the number of connection weights for airplane decreased at the time of the attacks, but soon afterwards, the number of connection weights increased
Which of the following students’ statements represents the best understanding of the concept of schemas?
Angelique: “Schemas refer to the order in which events occur, whereas scripts refer to the general characteristics of a situation.”
Edgar: “Schemas are especially well developed for nonprototypical items.”
Rosario: “Schemas are typically counterproductive, causing more errors than correct responses.”
Dean: “Schemas help us anticipate what will happen in a situation.”
When you read a section of your cognitive psychology textbook, you read language units that are longer than an isolated paragraph. This kind of language is called:
phonemes
schemas
discourse
pragmatics
Which of the following students provides the best description of semantic memory?
Alexia: “Semantic memory forces us to noticeand exaggeratethe precise details that make one concept different from another.”
Wei-Hang: “Semantic memory allows us to link each concept with an example from episodic memory.”
Andy: “Semantic memory refers to our organized knowledge about the world.”
Yelena: “Semantic memory forces us to take each schema that is stored and convert it into a script-like form.”
How do the prototype approach and the exemplar approach differ from each other?
The exemplar approach argues that an exemplar is an idealized example, based on all members of a category
The exemplar approach represents a concept in terms of many specific examples of a concept.
The exemplar approach focuses on the most frequently encountered example of a concept
The prototype approach emphasizes that all examples of a concept are equally good
When processing language, we begin making judgments about what the sentence means before we have heard (or read) the entire sentence. This is referred to as:
incremental interpretation.
passive voicing.
lexical ambiguity.
transformation.
Question 30 (2.5 points)
The word “kelp” contains ________ phonemes and ________ morpheme(s).
Question 30 options:
3 / 2
4 / 1
4 / 2
3 / 3
Question 31 (2.5 points)
According to the discussion of neurolinguistics,
Question 31 options:
for most peoplebut not alllanguage is primarily localized in the right hemisphere of the brain.
for most peoplebut not alllanguage is primarily localized in the left hemisphere of the brain.
for most people, language is processed almost identically by both hemispheres.
for most right-handers, language is localized in the right hemisphere of the brain.
Question 32 (2.5 points)
You have learned that if you want to combine a noun such as girl with a verb such as run, the noun precedes the verb, and you must add an s to form girl runs. The rules that govern this kind of procedure are known as
Question 32 options:
phonemics
semantics
pragmatics
syntax
Question 33 (2.5 points)
Which of the following is characterized by fluent language that makes little sense and a great impairment in the ability to comprehend language, although hearing is unaffected?
Question 33 options:
Broca´s aphasia
Temporal aphasia
Cortical aphasia
Geschwind´s aphasia
Wernicke´s aphasia
Question 34 (2.5 points)
Suppose you are sitting in an art class, and you have been instructed to draw from memory the scene you see from a window in your own bedroom. Although you cannot actually see the top of a tree through the bedroom window, you still draw the complete tree. The error you have committed is called:
Question 34 options:
change blindness
boundary extension
a script error
episodic memory
Question 35 (2.5 points)
Suppose that you decide to adopt the advice suggested in the discussion of writing in Chapter 10. You are likely to write a better paper if you
Question 35 options:
construct a written outline before beginning.
generate sentences prior to the prewriting phase.
make certain that the stages in writing do not overlap with each other.
try to avoid using the active-voice form of every verb.
Question 36 (2.5 points)
Leslie is participating in an experiment in which she presses the spacebar on a computer keyboard in order to see one word of a sentence at a time. Her reaction time to process each individual word is measured. This procedure is an example of a:
Question 36 options:
syntactic processing task
self-paced reading task
off-line language processing task
lexical masking task
Question 37 (2.5 points)
Chapter 10 discussed research in which two people need to work together to place some abstract shapes in a specified order. This research showed that:
Question 37 options:
people quickly learned to create brief names for each abstract shape.
people had great difficulty agreeing about the descriptions for abstract shapes, so this task was extremely challenging.
people typically reached agreement after only one trial.
people cannot establish “common ground” with strangers.
Question 38 (2.5 points)
A surgeon conducting an autopsy on a patient who had suffered from Broca’s aphasia would most likely find damage in the:
Question 38 options:
right frontal lobe
corpus callosum
left occipital lobe
left frontal lobe
Question 39 (2.5 points)
Suppose that you want to say, “red bugs,” and instead you say, “beg rugs.” This kind of slip-of-the-tongue error is called a:
Question 39 options:
pragmatic error
sound error
word error
morpheme error
Question 40 (2.5 points)
Which of the following is an example of a subordinate-level category?
Question 40 options:
Computer
Apple computer
Electronic devices
Things you find in an office
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