Among sexually-reproducing species, females are always the sex with...

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Among sexually-reproducing species, females are always the sex with…

Among sexually-reproducing species, females are always the sex with greater obligatory parental investment.

True

False

Which of the following types of foods have more available energy when cooked than eaten raw?

vegetables

meat

fish

all of these

A scientist is interested in studying variation among Chimpanzees in the timing of their first reproductive event (i.e. the point in development when individuals start reproducing). The scientist is interested in a question at the ___________________ level of analysis.

causal/physiological

ontogenetic

phylogenetic

functional

Question at position 4

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Question at position 4

Which of the following are research goals that might be facilitated by comparing the traits of different species?

testing for evidence of homology

testing for evidence of convergent evolution

testing hypotheses about the selection pressures that cause the evolution of the trait

all of these

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Question at position 5

A scientist conducts a study in which Rhesus macaques are shown images of the same sex or opposite sex while having their brains scanned to determine which neural circuits are selectively activated by visual cues to potential mates. The scientist is interested in a question at the ___________________ level of analysis.

causal/physiological

ontogenetic

phylogenetic

functional

Question at position 6

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Question at position 6

A scientist examines the distribution of mating systems across extant primate species in order to determine whether the most recent common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees practiced promiscuity or polygyny. This research question is at the _______________ level of analysis.

causal/physiological

ontogenetic

phylogenetic

functional

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Question at position 7

“Culture” can be defined as _______________.

that which you have if you’re sophisticated and wear top hats

socially transmitted information that is represented by members of a given society

a non-biological trait

none of the above

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Question at position 8

Urban raw foodists are likely to experience which of the following?

low BMI

ammenhorea

negative energy balance

all of these

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Question at position 9

Wrangham argues that cooking is necessary to explain the evolution of _____________.

our large brains and small guts

our ability to use tools

bipedality

none of these

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Question at position 10

Which of the following benefits did our ancestors’ control of fire likely provide?

predator deterrence

increasing available energy in cooked food

decreasing pathogen content in cooked food

decreasing the amount of chewing necessary to digest cooked food

all of these

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Question at position 11

Which of the following hominin species was the first to control fire and use it to cook?

Australopithecus Africanus

Homo Neanderthalis

Homo Sapiens

Homo Erectus

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Question at position 12

Parental investment theory posits that the sex with lower obligatory parental investment will __________________.

be seen as highly valuable to members of the opposite sex

never provide direct parental care

be the choosier sex in mate choice

compete for access to the higher-investing sex

Question at position 13

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Question at position 13

Which of the following favors the evolution of high levels of paternal care?

high compatibility with other activities

offspring whose prospects would be poor without biparental care

high paternity certainty

all of these

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Question at position 14

Which of the following would NOT likely suppress follicular estradiol secretion (and thus women’s fertility)?

negative energy balance

positive energy balance

breastfeeding

an extreme exercise regimen

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Question at position 15

According to Motivational Priorities Theory (Roney, 2019), which of the following peaks during the “fertile window” of women’s ovulatory cycle?

ennui

food intake

sexual motivation

desire to cheat on a physically unattractive male partner

Question at position 16

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Question at position 16

Testosterone production is down-regulated in pair-bonded men (especially upon entry into fatherhood). Which of the following is a likely function of this physiological shift?

decrease investment in mating effort

decrease investment in maintenance effort

decrease investment in parenting effort

none of these

Question at position 17

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Question at position 17

Which of the following stimuli would likely elicit a reactive testosterone increase in human males?

a bout of exercise

fighting with another male in public

interacting with an attractive woman

all of the above

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Question at position 18

Which of the following is NOT an input to the Kinship Index?

living together during childhood

seeing someone else suckling upon your mother’s bosom

seeing someone else come out of your mother’s body

having the same food preferences as the other person

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Question at position 19

Which of the following cognitive ingredients are necessary in order for the mind to produce behavior toward kin that approximates Hamilton’s Rule?

an estimate of fitness benefits to others of specific acts

an estimate of fitness costs to yourself of those same acts

an estimate of genetic relatedness to specific others

all of these

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Question at position 20

Evolution produces three types of traits: ____________, ____________, & ____________.

quantitative change; qualitative change; noise

adaptations; qualitative change; by-products

adaptations; by-products; noise

adaptations; by-products; crazy eyes

Question at position 21

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Question at position 21

What are the four key ingredients of natural selection identified by Charles Darwin?

reproduction; variation in traits; inheritance of traits; differential reproduction related to variation in inheritable traits

genetic replication; variation in traits; mutations; differential reproduction related to variation in genetically-based traits

limited resources; self-restraint in reproduction; mutations; differential reproduction of populations related to limited resources

none of these

Question at position 22

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Question at position 22

A scientist conducts research testing the hypothesis that women are averse to eating vegetables during pregnancy because plant foods contain relatively high levels of toxins that are potentially harmful to developing fetuses. Which type of explanation is being advanced?

ontogenetic

phylogenetic

functional

physiological

Question at position 23

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Question at position 23

According to mixed-mating theory, human females experience elevated attraction around the time of ovulation to traits of a good dad who will provide direct care for offspring.

True

False

Question at position 24

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Question at position 24

Among humans, female ovulation is mostly concealed.

True

False

Question at position 25

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Question at position 25

In general, women’s reproductive physiology and psychology appears specialized for converting energy into opportunities to mate with as many men as possible over her lifetime.

True

False

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Question at position 26

Chapais argues that human monogamy evolved most directly from promiscuity.

True

False

Question at position 27

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Question at position 27

Among primates, fathers typically only provide direct or indirect paternal investment when their paternity certainty is low.

True

False

Question at position 28

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Question at position 28

Sexual reproduction likely evolved as an inter-generational defense against rapidly-evolving pathogens.

True

False

Question at position 29

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Question at position 29

Homo Erectus likely controlled fire and used it for cooking.

True

False

Question at position 30

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Question at position 30

The distinction between a “genotype” and a “phenotype” is that genotypes are inherited while phenotypes are primarily determined by environmental causes.

True

False

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Question at position 31

Asia was the last major continent reached by migrating populations of modern humans.

True

False

Question at position 32

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Question at position 32

The human adaptive complex is correlated with a shift toward a dietary niche defined by high-quality, difficult-to-acquire foods.

True

False

Question at position 33

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Question at position 33

One of the ingredients of natural selection as described by Darwin is inheritable variation. We know now that genes are the mechanism of inheritance that makes children more like their parents than other individuals who are not their parents.

True

False

Question at position 34

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Question at position 34

The human adaptive complex is a set of coevolved characteristics that distinguish our life history from that of other great apes.

True

False

Question at position 35

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Question at position 35

Around 40k years ago, modern humans were interbreeding with Neanderthals.

True

False

Question at position 36

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Question at position 36

The first of two “out of Africa” migration events in hominid evolution involved Homo Erectus.

True

False

Question at position 37

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Question at position 37

Modern humans had evolved in Africa by ~200k years ago.

True

False

Question at position 38

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Question at position 38

Among extant great apes, humans are most closely related to the Chimpanzees.

True

False

Question at position 39

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Question at position 39

Adaptations in males designed to facilitate direct physical contests over access to fertile females likely evolved as a result of intersexual selection.

True

False

Question at position 40

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Question at position 40

Hormones such as testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol function to couple the body’s overall response profile with current environmental situations and challenges.

True

False

Question at position 41

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Question at position 41

The process of evolution by natural selection always moves populations of organisms toward increased complexity, intelligence, and sophistication.

True

False

Question at position 42

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Question at position 42

An ontogenetic explanation traces the ancestral history of a behavior back over evolutionary time.

True

False

Question at position 43

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Question at position 43

More genetic mutations have a harmful (than beneficial) effect on fitness-related traits.

True

False

Question at position 44

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Question at position 44

All genetic variation arises initially from random copying errors called mutations.

True

False

Question at position 45

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Question at position 45

A scientist interested in which hormones are involved in regulating a particular foraging behavior has a question at the ontogenetic level of explanation.

True

False

Question at position 46

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Question at position 46

If a researcher is testing whether a trait shared by two species is explained by homology or convergent evolution, she is primarily focused on the phylogenetic level of explanation.

True

False

Question at position 47

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Question at position 47

A behavioral trait is likely an adaptation to the degree that it shows evidence of ‘special design’ – functional specialization for solving a particular adaptive problem.

True

False

Question at position 48

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Question at position 48

In order for a mutation to be selected for by natural selection, it must have a relative advantage over alternative genetic variants in the population.

True

False

Question at position 49

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Question at position 49

All extant species of organisms on earth are thought to have descended from a common ancestor.

True

False

Question at position 50

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Question at position 50

Convergent evolution (homoplasy) occurs when two species share a trait because they share a recent common ancestor.

True

False

Among sexually-reproducing species, females are always the sex with…

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