melaniyaabPsychophysiological Model Characteristics (1) Biological basis of…Psychophysiological Model
Characteristics (1) Biological basis of thought and behavior
(2) Focus is on the brain and nervous system
(3) Human nature is passive
(4) Behavior is determined by hereditary
(genes)and biochemical processes
(neurotransmitters & hormones)
(5) Neuroplasticity – ability of the brain to
compensate for environmental changes
or injury
Treatments (1) Psychopharmacology therapy
ie. Prozac àanxiety & depression
Lithium àmood stabilizer
(2) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
(3) Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Psychodynamic Model
Characteristics (1) Powerful inner drives shape behavior
(2) Drives or conflicts are unconscious
(3) Instinct driven
(4) Personality structure – id, ego, superego
(5) Psychosexual stages – Latency à
defense mechanisms develop
(6) Defense mechanisms are used to protect
against feelings of anxiety and guilt
(7) Behavior is determined by genes
and early childhood experiences
Treatments (1) Referred to as psychoanalysis
(2) Free association – say whatever comes
to your mind
– express your thoughts
– reveal unconscious
worries or thoughts
(3) Dream analysis – interpreting the
hidden message in
dreams
(4) Transference – reenacting early conflicts
(anger, love ) by applying
to the clinician feelings
and attitudes that the
person has towards
significant others
– works with projection
Behavioristic Model
Characteristics (1) Emphasizes the role of the environment
in shaping behavior
(2) Focus is on observable behaviors
(3) The study of behavior as it relates to
stimulus conditions – classical
conditioning (US, UR, CS, CR)
(4) The study of behavior through
conditions of punishment or positive
and negative reinforcement – operant
conditioning
(5) The study of behavior through
modeling – social or observational
learning
(6) Behavior is reactive and modifiable
Treatments (1) Exposure (extinction) therapy –
gradual exposure to feared objects
or situations
(2) Flooding – rapid exposure to produce
high levels of anxiety
(3) Systematic desensitization – repeated
exposure to a feared stimulus while in
a competing emotional state such as
relaxation
Cognitive Model
Characteristics (1) Examines both behavior and mental
processes
(2) Behavior is active and reactive
Treatments (1) A-B-C theory (emotional disturbance)
A – Activating event
B – Belief
C – Consequence (emotional or
behavioral)
B (person’s beliefs) about A (activating
event à causes C, the person’s
emotional or behavioral reaction
(2) Combined – Cognitive-behavioral
therapy (CBT) – recognize illogical
thought patterns and replace with
realistic helpful thoughts
Humanistic Model
Characteristics (1) Focus is on conscious experiences
(2) Belief that people are basically good
and have free will to choose their
destiny
(3) The central drive in personality is
self-actualization, the drive to fulfill
your potential
(4) Potential only flourishes in a
supportive environment
(5) Behavior is potentially self-directed
(6) Depression, anxiety etc. occur when
society blocks tendency for growth –
imposes conditions on whether we
have personal value
Treatments (1) Person-centered therapy – therapist’s
attitudes and ability to communicate
respect, understanding, and
acceptance are more important than
specific therapeutic techniques
– therapist reactivates self-
actualization by providing
an accepting therapeutic
environment
Other Models of Interest
Family Systems Model
Characteristics (1) Every family member directly affects
the entire family system
(2) Personality development is
influenced by family characteristics
(3) Mental illness is a reflection of
unhealthy family dynamics (poor
communication)
(4) Therapy must focus on the family
system as well as the individual
Treatments (1) Conjoint family therapeutic
approach – clear and direct
communication skills – sending and
receiving messages (I and You
messages)
(2) Strategic family approaches –
Identifying power struggles within
the family and developing a more
healthy power balance and
distribution
(3) Couples therapy – targets marital
or intimate relationships for
clear communications, role
expectations, unfulfilled needs, and
unrealistic or unmet expectations
(4) Group therapy – simultaneous
treatment of two or more clients
and may involve more than one
therapist
Review the note packet on the Psychological Models and the corresponding treatment approaches that belong to those models.On top
After reviewing the information answer the following:
(1) If you were a clinical psychologist which model would you most likely
associate with in your clinical practice and why?
(2) Given the model you have chosen, can you think of a disorder where the
treatment approaches listed under that model may be beneficially in helping a
client diagnosed with that disorder? I know we have not yet discussed the
disorders, but I was curious to see if you could predict an appropriate treatment
for a disorder. You can pick any disorder that interests you or that you are familiar
with from previous classes.
Social SciencePsychology
