Question 26 Modeled behavior is more likely to be imitated by an...

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Question 26 Modeled behavior is more likely to be imitated by an…

Question 26

Modeled behavior is more likely to be imitated by an observer if:

Question 26 options:

the model is rewarded for their behavior

the modeled behavior is dangerous

the observer is punished for the behavior

there is no consequence for the modeled behavior

Question 27

A verbal contingency is also known as a(n):

Question 27 options:

rule

operant

applied analysis

Question 28

Some evidence that two-factor (two-process) theory of avoidance may not be correct is that:

Question 28 options:

avoidance is just another type of positive reinforcement

Even though the aversive stimulus is never presented, the avoidance response takes a long time to extinguish

individuals cannot learn an avoidance response without a discriminative stimulus (

)

an avoidance contingency is the same as punishment

Question 29

Sabrina suspects that later tonight she will be offered a choice between going out with friends or studying for her test the next day. She talks to her family, telling them that she is committing to staying home later tonight. This is likely to:

Question 29 options:

have no effect on her self-control choice later that night

make it easier for her to make the self-control choice later that night

make it harder for her to make the self-control choice later that night

Question 30

According to the avoidance theory of punishment, the contingency in punishment is actually ______.

Question 30 options:

negative reinforcement

the Premack principle

positive reinforcement

response deprivation

Question 31

If I want to make sure I eat mostly healthy foods for my long-term health, a good controlling behavior would be to:

Question 31 options:

Try to limit eating out to restaurants that serve mainly healthy meals

Plan meals ahead of time, so I know what I plan to make before I get hungry and eat junk food

All of the other answers are good suggestions of controlling behaviors

Make sure only healthy foods are in my house

Question 32

If you give two children buttons to press, and they each get rewarded with a small candy about once every 2 minutes, the two children are likely to show different rates of response. How would a behaviorist explain this?

Question 32 options:

A behaviorist would say that each child might have different alternative preferred behaviors that they are engaging in besides button pressing

A behaviorist would have no explanation for this

A behaviorist would probably say that one of the two children was distracted and not behaving appropriately

A behaviorist would think that there are genetic differences between the two children that cause this difference

Question 33

The famous psychoanalyst, Alfred Adler, was sickly as a small child but worked hard and overcame his weaknesses. Research on learned helplessness suggests that later in life, Adler would have been ______ vulnerable to depression than a child who never overcome adversity in childhood.

Question 33 options:

equally

less

Question 34

Exposure and response prevention therapy for a cleaning compulsion can involve:

Question 34 options:

cleaning up a mess as soon as it occurs

using soap without water

going for a week without a shower

washing hands before eating

Question 35

In generalized imitation, when a child is reinforced for imitating a model:

Question 35 options:

children imitate everyone around them who resembles the model

children imitate behaviors performed by the model that were not reinforced, in addition to those that were

children imitate behaviors performed by the model that were punished, in addition to those that were reinforced

children imitate animals as well as humans

Question 36

According to the avoidance theory of punishment, the contingency in punishment is actually ______.

Question 36 options:

negative reinforcement

positive reinforcement

the Premack principle

response deprivation

Question 37

Bandura’s famous experiment on social learning included groups of children who:

Question 37 options:

saw a roomful of toys with no adult interacting with them

all of the other answers are correct

saw an adult model ignore a doll

saw an adult model behave aggressively with a doll

Question 38

I go to a breakfast bar, and don’t really plan ahead. I go stand on line for an omelet and order, and after waiting for a bit I get impatient – no omelet has been produced! Because of this I wander around, and I pay attention to various tables with lots of reinforcers just spread out for taking. After a time I go see if my omelet is ready. My behavior best reflects which theory of matching?

Question 38 options:

Melioration

Maximization

My behavior does not reflect any theory of matching

Question 39

Learned helplessness is hard to overcome. To do, one often has to expose an individual to an aversive stimulus, and:

Question 39 options:

show them how to escape it

remove the stimulus whether or not they make a response

tell them to laugh

show them that they cannot escape it

Question 40

An experimenter put a pigeon in a box, with two keys. The pigeon could peck the green key to obtain reinforcement on an FI 60-second schedule. It could peck the red key to receive reinforcement on an FI 120-second schedule. The pigeon directed about half of its pecks to each key. This is an example of:

Question 40 options:

Matching

Bias

Undermatching

Overmatching

Question 41

Your friend really wants to quit smoking. Based on your knowledge of self-control, what would you NOT advise him to do?

Question 41 options:

Find alternative behaviors to do when the urge to smoke arises

Avoid situations where he would encounter cues associated with smoking

Keep cigarettes around the house

Keep in mind that even one cigarette is a piece of the larger problem

Question 42

One of the weaknesses in our penal/legal system is that:

Question 42 options:

Some people are punished more severely than others for the same behavior

Sometimes people are punished for crimes they did not commit

All of the other answers are problems with our penal/legal system

There is often a long delay between a behavior and the punishment for it

Question 43

The second process in two-process theory of avoidance involves

Question 43 options:

classical conditioning of a fear response.

classical conditioning of an approach response.

negative punishment resulting from the reduction of fear.

operant conditioning of an avoidance response.

Question 44

In an experiment, researchers showed Japanese and American medical students videos of surgical procedures that were pretty disgusting. He filmed the students reactions. When they were alone, all students showed disgust on their faces, but when tested with a doctor in the room with them only the American students showed disgust visibly. Why?

Question 44 options:

American students are immature and can’t control themselves even when they know they should

this was a terrible study design so this result is probably meaningless

the Japanese students probably felt less disgusted with a doctor present to comfort them because doctors are considered comforting in Japan but not in the United States

this is probably a result of different display rules in Japan and the United States regarding what emotions to show in the presence of social superiors

Question 45

When I say to my child, “pick up your room and I will order pizza for dinner,” I am:

Question 45 options:

using classical conditioning to elicit a behavior

delivering a verbal contingency

all of the other answers are correct

using modeling to show my child what to do

Question 46

Moe came home and sat watching tv. Nate came in, and noticed a cake that was sitting on a counter near Moe, and took a big slice. What is Moe likely to do and why?

Question 46 options:

avoid the cake; Moe is on a diet

all of the other choices are possible outcomes of this situation

take a piece of cake; Nate’s behavior let Moe know this was an appropriate context for cake eating

take a piece of cake; Nate’s behavior provided stimulus enhancement

Question 47

According to the Premack Principle of punishment, which of the following constitutes a contingency of punishment for me, if you know that I watch a lot of TV and almost never sweep my house?

Question 47 options:

If I watch TV I must sweep my floors

I have to watch TV before I am permitted to sweep my floors

I have to sweep floors before I can watch TV

If I watch TV I do not have to sweep my floors

Question 48

When Layla fought with her friends over the toys they were playing with, her mother made her sit in the corner for a minute. This is a ___ contingency.

Question 48 options:

negative reinforcement

positive reinforcement

positive punishment

negative punishment

Question 49

A rat is offered a choice between two bars to press, with concurrent FR schedules. One of the schedules is FR5 and the other is FR20. How is the rat likely to behave?

Question 49 options:

The rat will direct all of its behavior to the FR20 schedule.

The rat will direct approximately 4 times as many responses to the FR5 schedule than to the FR20 schedule.

The rat will direct approximately 4 times as many responses to the FR20 schedule than to the FR5 schedule.

The rat will direct all of its behavior toward the FR5 schedule.

Question 50

Andrea works in a group home for adults with behavioral and mental disorders. There is a ‘marble system’ that is used to reinforce and punish the behavior of the residents. Green marbles are given for good behavior and red marbles are given for problem behavior, and are associated with various consequences. The residents do not like to get red marbles. In this example, red marbles can be considered:

Question 50 options:

intrinsic punishers

secondary punishers

negative punishers

all of the other answers are correct

Question 26 Modeled behavior is more likely to be imitated by an…

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